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-.TH s/qmail: addresses 5
-.SH "NAME"
-addresses \- formats for Internet mail addresses
-.SH "INTRODUCTION"
-A
-.B mail address
-is a string of characters containing @.
-
-Every mail address has a
-.B local part
-and a
-.B domain part\fR.
-The domain part is everything after the final @.
-The local part is everything before.
-
-For example, the mail addresses
-
-.EX
- God@heaven.af.mil
- @heaven.af.mil
- @at@@heaven.af.mil
-.EE
-
-all have domain part
-.BR heaven.af.mil .
-The local parts are
-.BR God ,
-empty,
-and
-.BR @at@ .
-
-Some domains have owners.
-It is up to the owner of
-.B heaven.af.mil
-to say how mail messages will be delivered to addresses with domain part
-.BR heaven.af.mil .
-
-The domain part of an address is interpreted without regard to case, so
-
-.EX
- God@heaven.af.mil
-.br
- God@HEAVEN.AF.MIL
-.br
- God@Heaven.AF.Mil
-.EE
-
-all refer to the same domain.
-
-There is one exceptional address that does not contain an @:
-namely, the empty string.
-The empty string cannot be used as a recipient address.
-It can be used as a sender address so that
-the real sender doesn't receive bounces.
-.SH "QMAIL EXTENSIONS"
-The
-.B qmail
-system allows several further types of addresses in mail envelopes.
-
-First, an envelope recipient address without an @ is interpreted as being at
-.IR envnoathost .
-For example, if
-.I envnoathost
-is
-.BR heaven.af.mil ,
-the address
-.B God
-will be rewritten as
-.BR God@heaven.af.mil .
-
-Second, the address
-.B #@[]
-is used as an envelope sender address for double bounces.
-
-Third, envelope sender addresses of the form
-.I pre\fB@\fIhost\fB-@[]
-are used to support variable envelope return paths (VERPs).
-.B qmail-send
-will rewrite
-.I pre\fB@\fIhost\fB-@[]
-as
-.I prerecip\fB=\fIdomain\fB@\fIhost
-for deliveries to
-.IR recip\fB@\fIdomain .
-Bounces directly from
-.B qmail-send
-will come back to
-.IR pre\fB@\fIhost .
-.SH "CHOOSING MAIL ADDRESSES"
-Here are some suggestions on choosing mail addresses for the Internet.
-
-Do not use non-ASCII characters.
-Under RFC 822 and RFC 821,
-these characters cannot be used in mail headers or in SMTP commands.
-In practice, they are regularly corrupted.
-
-Do not use ASCII control characters.
-NUL is regularly corrupted.
-CR and LF cannot be used in some combinations
-and are corrupted in all.
-None of these characters are usable on business cards.
-
-Avoid spaces and the characters
-
-.EX
- \\"<>()[],;:
-.EE
-
-These all require quoting in mail headers and in SMTP.
-Many existing mail programs do not handle quoting properly.
-
-Do not use @ in a local part.
-@ requires quoting in mail headers and in SMTP.
-Many programs incorrectly look for the first @,
-rather than the last @,
-to find the domain part of an address.
-
-In a local part,
-do not use two consecutive dots, a dot at the beginning, or a dot at the end.
-Any of these would require quoting in mail headers.
-
-Do not use an empty local part; it cannot appear in SMTP commands.
-
-Avoid local parts longer than 64 characters.
-
-Be wary of uppercase letters in local parts.
-Some mail programs (and users!) will incorrectly convert
-.B God@heaven.af.mil
-to
-.BR god@heaven.af.mil .
-
-Be wary of the following characters:
-
-.EX
- $&!#~`'^*|{}
-.EE
-
-Some users will not know
-how to feed these characters safely to their mail programs.
-
-In domain names, stick to letters, digits, dash, and dot.
-One popular DNS resolver has,
-under the banner of security,
-recently begun destroying domain names
-that contain certain other characters,
-including underscore.
-Exception: A dotted-decimal IP address in brackets,
-such as
-.BR [127.0.0.1] ,
-identifies a domain owned by whoever owns the host at that IP address,
-and can be used safely.
-
-In a domain name,
-do not use two consecutive dots,
-a dot at the beginning,
-or a dot at the end.
-This means that,
-when a domain name is broken down into components separated by dots,
-there are no empty components.
-
-Always use at least one dot in a domain name.
-If you own the
-.B mil
-domain,
-don't bother using the address
-.BR root@mil ;
-most users will be unable to send messages to that address.
-Same for the root domain.
-
-Avoid domain names longer than 64 characters.
-.SH "ENCODED ADDRESSES IN SMTP COMMANDS"
-RFC 821 defines an encoding of mail addresses in SMTP.
-For example, the addresses
-
-.EX
- God@heaven.af.mil
-.br
- a"quote@heaven.af.mil
-.br
- The Almighty.One@heaven.af.mil
-.EE
-
-could be encoded in RCPT commands as
-
-.EX
- RCPT TO:<God@heaven.af.mil>
-.br
- RCPT TO:<a\\"quote@heaven.af.mil>
-.br
- RCPT TO:<The\\ Almighty.One@heaven.af.mil>
-.EE
-
-There are several restrictions in RFC 821
-on the mail addresses that can be used over SMTP.
-Non-ASCII characters are prohibited.
-The local part must not be empty.
-The domain part must be a sequence of elements separated by dots,
-where each element is either a component,
-a sequence of digits preceded by #,
-or a dotted-decimal IP address surrounded by brackets.
-The only allowable characters in components are
-letters, digits, and dashes.
-Every component must (believe it or not)
-have at least three characters;
-the first character must be a letter;
-the last character must not be a hyphen.
-.SH "ENCODED ADDRESSES IN MAIL HEADERS"
-RFC 822 defines an encoding of mail addresses
-in certain header fields in a mail message.
-For example, the addresses
-
-.EX
- God@heaven.af.mil
-.br
- a"quote@heaven.af.mil
-.br
- The Almighty.One@heaven.af.mil
-.EE
-
-could be encoded in a
-.B To
-field as
-
-.EX
- To: God@heaven.af.mil,
-.br
- <@brl.mil:"a\\"quote"@heaven.af.mil>,
-.br
- "The Almighty".One@heaven.af.mil
-.EE
-
-or perhaps
-
-.EX
- To: < "God"@heaven .af.mil>,
-.br
- "a\\"quote" (Who?) @ heaven . af. mil
-.br
- , God<"The Almighty.One"@heaven.af.mil>
-.EE
-
-There are several restrictions on the mail addresses that can
-be used in these header fields.
-Non-ASCII characters are prohibited.
-The domain part must be a sequence of elements separated by dots,
-where each element either (1) begins with [ and ends with ]
-or (2) is a nonempty string of printable ASCII characters
-not including any of
-
-.EX
- \\".<>()[],;:
-.EE
-
-and not including space.
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-envelopes(5),
-qmail-header(5),
-qmail-inject(8),
-qmail-remote(8),
-qmail-smtpd(8)